Reference-point errors

Metonymy and Human language

Human language example: The pitcher threw the ball to first base.

  • Did the ball literally go to first base?
  • How does the listener know where the ball actually went?
  • How does the reference shift occur?

Metonymy and reference-point construction in programming

Assume that obj is a programming object with various attributes (e.g. name, color, shape). A programmer may want to write out the name of the object with this code:

write(obj)

But to write out the color, programmers naturally reference the color attribute:

write(obj.color)

Theory of how knowledge sources may apply to reference construction:

diagram with knowledge sources

Reference-point errors and interaction design

Can reference-point errors occur interacting with visual user interfaces? Here's a possible example.